Log Schemata

D.1. Absence of Inherent Nature or Causal Order:  From definition of Goods, and Causal Order of Goods it follows that neither any object or action has good characters which are inherent, nor any good or action has an inherent placement on causal order of goods.  E.1. A good is defined by a need, useful properties serving that need, knowledge and control of these properties for our purpose. Accordingly, it follows that anything becomes a good, or acquires good characters, contingent upon presence of our need, our knowledge and our control in addition to it having such properties as to gratify our needs. Absent any one of these conditions and it becomes a Non-Good. There are more detailed examples of this subjective nature in Goods, and Non-Good.  E.2. Likewise, for the same reasons we cannot imagine a good to always occupy a certain position in Causal Order of Goods. For instance, while water is the first order good when gratifying thirst, but it is second order good when boiling an e

D.1. Significance of Role of Perception:  Since along with knowledge and control of a thing, the human perception of presence of a need, and of useful properties define an object or an action as having Good Characters, misperceptions are possible, and can play a significant role.  E.1.  Menger on more than one occasion informs us of the role of misperception, and thereby signifies the role of perceptions.  E.2. First, he distinguishes two imaginary goods. These are either goods which serve a need which is non-existent but is  still   perceived to exist or goods which do have any useful properties but still are perceived to have such properties. (See Imaginary Goods ).  E.3. Menger reminds of us this role of perception once more, and with emphasis when discussing  The Causal Order of Goods .   When everything in an advanced economy functions smoothly, as is during times of stability, producers who only produce intermediate goods i.e. goods which themselves have are not for consumption b

D.1. Property:  The entire set of different goods in different quantities which serves all the different needs of a man, or his family, over a certain period of time, is his or her property. E.1. Everyone, poor or rich, young or old, male or female, etc etc, faces more or less a similar set of needs, and goods must be in possession to satiate these needs over any given course of time. A set of different sorts of goods serving different needs a man acquires for himself for gratification of his or her needs in a given time period is called his property. A property then is only composed of Goods, and shall a non-good be in possession of a man, we remain indifferent to such belongings.  E.2.  Therefore, all our clothes of summer and winter are my property but the broken cupboard never to be used again in my store cannot be counted as my property unless I devise ways to use it somehow. This concept of property is broad, and despite it, has been covered only briefly by Menger. Much now can b

D.1. Causes of Progress of Welfare:  I. Since Causal Order of Goods is subject to uncertainty of quantity and quality of first order goods i.e. possibilities of gratification and thwarting human needs are positive, progress in welfare is possible only by mitigating these uncertainties which demands extension of our knowledge and control of useful properties of goods.  II. All progress in welfare of mankind can be attributed to the expansion of knowledge and control in attempts to mitigate uncertainty of quantity and quality of final outcomes, and division of labour, unlike Smith's Hypothesis, is only a by-product.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. Definition of the Welfare: Welfare is Need Satiation with certainty given any set of human needs.  1.1. The  Primacy of Need Satiation  holds True.  1.2. The  Primacy of the Uncertainty  holds True.  1.3. The 1.1 and 1.2 implies Need Satiation with certainty given any set of human needs is the most desirable.  1.4. The aforementioned is named as

D.1. The Primacy of Uncertainties:  I.  Since the Good Character in any Causal Order is subject to Knowledge, and since Knowledge is subject to its weaknesses (See 9 in Knowledge ), the final outcomes of a Causal Order of Goods is subject to the weakness of knowledge which creates an uncertainty of first order goods inversely proportional to completeness of that knowledge. II. Since knowledge and control are two of four defining variables of a good, the entire Causal Order of Goods suffers an uncertainty with regards to quantity and quality of any order of goods subject to the extents of human knowledge and control of useful properties of all higher order goods.  III. Since good character of useful things serving our needs depends upon our knowledge, and our control, there is an uncertainty of good character of it inversely tied to our knowledge and control of the forces affecting its production (or even the consumption).  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. The Primacy of Need Satiation holds

D.1. The Primacy of Time - The Government of Future:  I. Since from Causal Order of Goods it follows that a production process precedes satiation of Human Needs which incurs time, and since thwarting of needs is increasingly debilitating over time, often breeding new needs, prime motive which governs current actions is the concerns of the futures Needs. II. Because a Causal Order exists  most frequently   with more than one layer, or orders, a transition, or production, takes place before consumption which incurs an expenditure of time, and since thwarting of needs is costlier, a primacy of the future time is established.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. Primacy of Need Satiations  holds True. 2. Causal Order of Goods implies processes either to transform provisions of nature into consumable goods, or to mitigate uncertainty of future need satiation.  3. The 2 implies a non-zero expenditure of time. 3.1. Since it is processes and any process is an ordered set of activities consuming a definit

D.1. The Asymmetric Impacts of Changes in Human Needs on Causal Order of Goods:  I.  While a change in human need affects the entire Causal Order of Goods, due to a possibility of alternative uses (See 8 in The Regularity of One-to-Many Relations ), a change in human needs affects different Goods differently subject to their alternative uses.  II. The entire Causal Order of Goods absorbs the impacts of changes in human needs, and depending upon alternative uses, each good in Causal Order responds differently.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. Following  8 in  The Regularity of One-to-Many Relations , it is possible and not necessary that alternative uses of the same useful thing exist.  2. Following Order Wise Dependency of Good Characters , it is necessary that a change in human needs, its intensity or existence, affects Good Characters of each good on Causal Order.  3. Following 2. when a human need ceases to exist at any time, or in any region, it results in loss of Good Character of each G

D.1. The Primacy of One-to-Many Relations:  I.  On a Causal Order of Goods, it is necessary that everything has more than one causes, and it is possible that anything has more than one effects. II. It is necessary that each need, or disturbance, is satiated by more than one things of good character, and it is possible that each Useful Thing has more than one uses, or serves more than one needs.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. A Minimum Case of First Order Goods:  1.1. Any human need can be satiated only if it exists, there are useful things, their knowledge and control resides with humans. 1.2. The control of a useful thing implies a useful human action.  1.3. In absence of useful human actions which enable command, or control or the capacity to control (See 6 in  Goods ), a useful thing cannot acquire good characters.  1.3.1. In modern times several useful actions can be automated, and thus there are only useful actions, and not essentially human actions.  1.4. Following 1.1 to 1.3, two use

D.1. Order-Wise Dependency of Good Character:  I.  From  Causal Order of Goods , it is clear that all goods in a causal order derive their good characters from good characters of their immediately lower order of goods and ultimately the first order of goods derive them by being the cause of satiation of a human need. II.  Since the Causal Order of Goods consists only of goods necessary for gratification of human needs, either directly or indirectly, every good derives its good character from our needs successively via good characters of all other levels of goods between itself and first order which gratifies our needs.  III. In the Causal Order of Goods, any good is considered to have Good Character i.e. a Good only because it directly or indirectly serves a human need, absent this condition, it can be excluded from Causal Order of Goods.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. It is immediate from 4 and 5 in  Causal Order of Goods   that the entire causal order exists only to satiate human needs wh

D.1. Causal Order of the Goods:   I. For analysis, all goods are sorted in a Causal Order, with first order of goods being those necessary for gratification of human needs i.e. they cause the need gratification, and second order goods being those which are necessary for production of first order i.e. they cause the first order goods, and likewise subsequent higher orders of goods.  II. The order in which raw provisions of nature are transformed, often successively, into final goods which can cause the transition from need to satiation in humans is Causal Order of Goods.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. Observation:  Neither are Provisions of Nature most frequently provided to Humans in consumable form which can satiate Human Needs, nor are Provisions of Nature provided with certainty for each instance of any Human Need to any Human. 2. Both of the points in 1 imply frequent instances of opposition of Primacy of Need Satiation , and since its opposition is impossible, Humans strive to solve th

D.1. Material-Action Classification of Goods:  Goods are either formed of material forces of nature, or of useful human actions. E.1. Menger, after discussing Relations, presents two classifications of goods as follows:  I. Material Goods: Goods formed of material forces of nature such as bread, flour, wheat grain, wheat farm etc.  II. Useful Human Actions and Inactions: Human Actions and Inactions which have good character such as labour of a baker, skills of a farmer, knowledge of a botanist, powers of an agriculture policy maker, and the caution they practice when executing their actions etc.  (See Goods and See Relations for details) Reference: Menger, Carl (2004).  Principles of Economics,  Online edition, The Mises Institute, 2004. ( Chapter 01 page 55 )

D.1. Relations:   I. Actions and inactions of people which have good character for one another and which bind people together are relations. II.  Actions of men in any social setting affect each other directly or indirectly and can have Good Characters, and where they have such Characters they bind men into Relations. Axiomatic Derivation: 1. Men in any social setting engage with one another directly or indirectly. 2. In all engagements, actions of men affect each other. Or that no engagement can be such that only actors affect themselves.  3. Therefore, men in any social setting affect each other.  4. These effects can have Good Characters for the affected. 5. The 4. implies Human Actions, in a social setting, can have Good Characters.  6. The opposite of Human Actions is Human Inactions. 7. It is possible for Human Inactions too have Good Characters. 8. Observation - I: Not Good Actions and Inactions. While we discuss Good Characters of Actions, or Inactions, how shall we proceed to

D.1. True Goods:  I.  As an opposition of Imaginary Goods , with expansion of knowledge, the weakness of knowledge is overcome and the truly existing Needs, and truly existing Useful Things are discovered. II. Goods which serve needs, and have useful properties both of which are actual and freed from misperception.  Axiomatic Derivation: 8.1. It is immediate from  Imaginary Goods   and Primacy of Knowledge  (See 9 and 10 in it) as the knowledge expands, it weaknesses are mitigated, and as weaknesses of knowledge are mitigated, possibilities increase of True Needs, and True Useful Things constituting Good Characteristics of Useful Things. 8.2. True Need is a need that exists in fact in sense as explained in Needs , and true Useful Thing is a Useful Thing which serves our Needs in fact in sense  as explained  Useful Things .  Explanations: E.1. In contrast to Imaginary Goods, goods which do serve an existing need, and have a capacity to gratify in reality are true goods. Hence, where col

D.1. Imaginary Goods:  I. Following Weakness of Knowledge (09 in Primacy of the Knowledge ), now a possibility of Goods exists which serve either Imaginary Needs, or have Imaginary Uses.  II. Goods resulting from a misperception of non-existent human needs, or misperception of non-existent useful properties are Imaginary Goods - Goods born of only our imagination.  Axiomatic Derivation: 1. From  09 in  Primacy of the Knowledge , it follows that knowledge of Needs, and of Useful things can be weak i.e. incomplete, contradictory, outdated, misinformed etc etc.  2. From 1, it follows that a possibility exists of assuming to be true a false Need, or false Useful Thing.  3. False Need is a need assumed to exist when in fact it does not exist in the sense of need as defined in Needs .  4. False Useful Things is a Useful Thing is assumed to be Useful Thing when it is not in sense defined in Useful Things .  5. Good Characters  formed of a False Need, or a False Useful Things are all Imaginary

D.1. Non-Goods:  I. An absence of one of the four criteria of Good Character - Need, Useful Things, Knowledge, and Command of Useful Things for our needs - results in Non-Good. II. From  Good Characteristics , it follows that any negation of at least a single component of the definition of Good Characters renders that Useful Things into as Non-Good, or as not having any Good Characters for Human Needs. Axiomatic Derivation: 1. From Good Characteristics , it follows that if there is a composite of a Need, Useful Things, Knowledge, and Control, there is a thing of Good Characters.  2. From 1, it follows conversely that, if it is not the case that there is a thing of Good Characters, it is also not the case that there is a composite of a Need, Useful Things, Knowledge, and Control. 3. From 2, it simplifies to: Absence of a composite of a Need, Useful Things, Knowledge, and Control implies absence of Good Characters. 4. An absence, or negation, of a composite of a Need, Useful Things, Know

D.1. Good Characteristics or Goods:  I.  Given a human Need, if there is a Useful Thing, and its Knowledge and Command of useful properties  for gratifying the need  resides with men facing that need, such a thing acquires Good Characters for their purpose, or it is a Good.  II.  Not only Humans face Needs and require Useful Things , they must also have the Knowledge and Control of these Useful Things sufficient for the satiation of their Needs and we call such a composite of Needs, Useful Things, Knowledge and Control, A Good Character of Things. Axiomatic Derivation: 1. To use anything for any definite end implies awareness of useful properties, and a command over that thing. (This is implicit in the  Useful Things ). 2. The awareness of the Useful properties implies Knowledge.  3. The command of the Useful properties implies Control.  4. When a Need, Useful Things for that need, their Knowledge, and their Control exists with a human who faces that need, such a Useful Thing acquires